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That was the start of an exciting era in energy storage, and the race was on to build a better battery that lasted longer, was safer and less expensive. At the time, there were just a handful of universities, including �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder, working on that kind of technology, and Evans was interested in working specifically with����(�鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering), a pioneer in solid state battery technology who had joined �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (now the National Laboratory of the Rockies) several years earlier.��

Photo: , CEO and co-founder of , alum of �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering and Material Science.

Evans felt an immediate affinity with Lee’s research objectives and lab culture and wanted to join his team. “Because I knew I wanted to study energy storage and new battery technologies, the support I found was instrumental in setting me up not just to be a good battery scientist and technologist but also to look at the world through the lens of application and understand what could be useful for the world.”

Soon, Evans was part of the team generating test data that led to grant funding for��Solid Power Inc., a company spun out of the university by Se-Hee Lee and Conrad Stoldt (�鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering). At the same time, Evans was crossing paths with —Solid Power’s co-founder and a deep tech startup veteran, then its CEO—and , the company’s CTO. Through those interactions, Evans was learning about the commercialization path for university lab innovations. “It felt exciting to be a part of that, to see your work have a pretty immediate and direct impact on a company that was hopefully going to make a real impact in the world,” he said.

Photo: ��(left) and Conrad Stoldt (right) both faculty and researchers in �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder's Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering, in their lab at �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder, using a glovebox. The glovebox is used to handle battery materials in an oxygen- and moisture-free environment, preventing reactions with air and enabling the safe development of next-generation energy technologies.

Since then, Solid Power has become an industry-leading developer of next-generation all-solid-state battery technology. The company went public in 2021 with major partnership deals with BMW, Ford and Samsung SDI and now has a 75,000-square-foot manufacturing facility in Thornton. As a company co-founder, Lee is excited to see Solid Power at the forefront of this technology, and he’s equally gratified that the company has hired many past �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder undergraduate, Master’s and PhD students. “Creating so much opportunity for the younger generation, that’s kind of the most exciting stuff,” said Lee.��

“Incredible productivity in battery innovation”

Lee was also the principal investigator (PI) guiding the team that led to the spinout of another company, this one co-founded by Evans and fellow student����(Alum: �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering). That venture was SiILion Inc., which focused on developing high-energy, non-flammable, Li-ion (lithium-ion) systems for solid state batteries. Evans saw a new Li-ion cell technology through prototype and early-pilot demonstrations until 2018, when the company was acquired by Tesla.��

Photo: Early prototypes of the Solid Power solid state batteries.

Solid Power and SiILion put �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder on the map for battery breakthroughs, giving the outside world a sense of the high caliber of research coming out of the university, according to Bryn Rees, senior associate vice chancellor for innovation and partnerships. Soon thereafter, in 2020,����(Fmr.���鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Chemistry) founded Otoro Energy Inc. to commercialize a breakthrough flow battery—a rechargeable battery in which electrolyte flows through one or more electrochemical cells from one or more tanks—technology developed in his lab. The company’s patented low-cost electrolyte, licensed from �鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder, uses abundant and non-critical minerals, is water-based (pH-neutral), non-corrosive, non-flammable and non-toxic. “We’ve had this incredible productivity in battery innovation at CU. It’s a unique strength that we’ve got here,” said Rees.

Other prolific university labs have contributed to advancing battery technologies in unexpected and intriguing ways. Take��’s (�鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Chemical and Biological Engineering) lab, where students work at the forefront of innovation in atomic layer deposition (ALD) nanocoating technology. That’s the process of putting down ultra-thin coatings on particles and plastics to improve the performance of new and existing products, including batteries. Researchers on Weimer’s team have shown that, with lithium-ion batteries, ALD can improve performance, extend life cycle and enhance safety in consumer electronics like laptops, cell phones and electric vehicles.��

Photo: Factory floor of Forge Nano.

Weimer co-invented the core ALD tech that formed the foundation for an early spinout, ALD NanoSolutions Inc., which merged with��Forge Nano Inc. in 2021. Forge Nano was co-founded by����(Alum:���鶹��Ѱ�����Boulder Paul M. Rady Mechanical Engineering and��Chemical and Biological Engineering) and Dave King (postdoctoral research assistant) both formerly part of Weimer’s team. Lichty, now Forge Nano’s CEO, developed and patented an idea for scaling up the ALD process, and the company now uses the technology to make scalable nano-coatings for various applications, including batteries, semiconductors, and more. Forge Nano’s proprietary ALD formulation, called “Atomic Armor,” makes batteries’ electrodes better at storing energy. “It's difficult to think of anything else I could have done that would have as big an impact as this company,” Lichty has said.��